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Earth Science - New York Regents August 2019 Exam

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1.
Part A
Answer all questions in this part.
Directions (1 - 35): For each statement or question, choose the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. Record your answers on your separate answer sheet.
1 Most asteroids in our solar system are located in
  the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and
  Jupiter. What is the approximate distance from
  the Sun to the asteroid belt?
  (1) 129 million km        (3) 403 million km
  (2) 210 million km        (4) 1103 million km
Answer:

2.
2 The table below shows tide data for a location
  on the north shore of Long Island, in New York
  State.
Based on these data, what is the most likely time
of the next high tide?
(1) 1:53 a.m.            (3) 7:40 a.m.
(2) 1:53 p.m.            (4) 7:40 p.m.
Answer:

3.
3 Which planet takes longer to complete one
  rotation on its axis than it does to complete one
  orbit of the Sun?
  (1) Mercury                 (3) Earth
  (2) Venus                   (4) Mars
Answer:


4.
4 Jupiter is a Jovian planet. Compared to the
  terrestrial planets, Jupiter has a
  (1) shorter period of revolution
  (2) shorter distance to the Sun
  (3) greater density
  (4) greater mass
Answer:

5.
5 The entire constellation of Orion is visible in
  the night sky in January to an observer in New
  York State. Which statement explains why this
  constellation is not visible in the night sky to this
  observer in June?
  (1) Earth rotates on its axis.
  (2) Earth revolves around the Sun.
  (3) The constellation Orion orbits the Sun.
  (4) The tilt of Earth’s axis changes throughout
      the year.
Answer:

6.
6 The approximate age of the universe is estimated
  to be
  (1) 4.6 million years    (3) 13.8 million years
  (2) 4.6 billion years    (4) 13.8 billion years
Answer:

7.
7 The photograph below shows the apparent path
  of the Sun photographed at 20-minute intervals
  and combined into one photograph.
Which motion is responsible for the apparent
path of the Sun shown in the photograph?
(1) Earth’s rotation     (3) Sun’s rotation
(2) Earth’s revolution   (4) Sun’s revolution
Answer:

8.
8 The mass extinction of the dinosaurs,
  approximately 65.5 million years ago, is inferred
  by most scientists to have been caused by
  (1) a large energy surge from the surface of the
      Sun
  (2) the occurrence of a major ice age
  (3) an impact event occurring on Earth’s surface
  (4) earthquakes occurring along crustal plate
      boundaries
Answer:

9.
9 The diagram below represents Earth as viewed
  from space. Letter A represents the angle of
  tilt of Earth’s rotational axis. Line XY is
  perpendicular to the plane of Earth’s orbit.
What is the value of the angle represented by
letter A?
(1) 15.0°               (3) 66.5°
(2) 23.5°               (4) 90.0°
Answer:

10.
10 In the spring, when snow cover on the land
   melts, the water will most likely infiltrate Earth’s
   surface where that land surface is
   (1) still frozen with a steep slope
   (2) still frozen with a gentle slope
   (3) no longer frozen with a steep slope
   (4) no longer frozen with a gentle slope
Answer:

11.
11 Water is returned from Earth’s surface to the
   atmosphere by
   (1) condensation and transpiration
   (2) condensation and precipitation
   (3) evaporation and transpiration
   (4) evaporation and precipitation
Answer:

12.
12 Which type of sediment sample normally has the
   greatest permeability rate?
   (1) unsorted pebbles      (3) sorted pebbles
   (2) unsorted sand         (4) sorted sand
Answer:

13.
13 The presence of which atmospheric condition will
   most likely result in clear skies in Binghamton,
   New York?
   (1) high humidity
   (2) high-pressure center
   (3) increasing wind speed
   (4) dewpoint equal to air temperature
Answer:

14.
14 Which changes in air temperature and
   atmospheric pressure will normally be recorded
   by a weather balloon when it is released at Earth’s
   surface and rises through the troposphere?
   (1) a decrease in both air temperature and
       atmospheric pressure
   (2) a decrease in air temperature and an increase
       in atmospheric pressure
   (3) an increase in both air temperature and
       atmospheric pressure
   (4) an increase in air temperature and a decrease
       in atmospheric pressure
Answer:

15.
15 Which gas is most effective in absorbing
   incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation in Earth’s
   stratosphere before that radiation reaches Earth’s
   surface?
   (1) nitrogen               (3) oxygen
   (2) hydrogen               (4) ozone
Answer:


16.
16 The major cause of monsoon rains in India and
   southeast Asia is seasonal
   (1) shifts in the prevailing wind belts
   (2) shifts in ocean currents
   (3) changes in the energy radiated from the Sun
   (4) changes       in   worldwide      atmospheric
       temperatures
Answer:

17.
17 The cross section below represents the
   windward and leeward sides of a mountain. The
   arrows show the direction of air movement over
   the mountain. Points X and Y represent locations
   on Earth’s surface.
Compared to the temperature and water vapor
content of the air at location X, the temperature
and water vapor content at location Y are most
likely
(1) warmer and wetter (3) cooler and wetter
(2) warmer and drier       (4) cooler and drier
Answer:

18.
18 Which surface ocean current transports cool
   water to lower latitudes?
   (1) Gulf Stream
   (2) Peru Current
   (3) West Greenland Current
   (4) East Australia Current
Answer:

19.
19 Which land surface characteristics produce the
   greatest amount of absorption of insolation at
   Earth’s surface?
   (1) dark color and rough texture
   (2) dark color and smooth texture
   (3) light color and rough texture
   (4) light color and smooth texture
Answer:

20.
20 The planetary surface winds and air currents
   near Earth’s equator are usually
   (1) converging and sinking
   (2) diverging and sinking
   (3) converging and rising
   (4) diverging and rising
Answer:

21.
21 Oxygen in Earth’s early atmosphere was first
   produced during the Precambrian from
   (1) cyanobacteria in Earth’s oceans
   (2) volcanic activity along plate boundaries
   (3) the absorption of sunlight by plants
   (4) evaporation of ocean water
Answer:

22.
22 Which life-form existed on Earth for the shortest
   period of time?
   (1) dinosaurs            (3) ammonoids
   (2) trilobites           (4) placoderm fish
Answer:

23.
23 During the late Silurian epoch, very salty seas
   extended from New York State to Michigan.
   These environmental conditions resulted in
   the formation of halite layers. At the same
   time, Eurypterus remipes lived in nearby
   environments. Both the halite layers and
   Eurypterus remipes fossils can now be used
   to identify a specific geologic time interval
   because both formed over a
   (1) large geographic area and in a short geologic
       time
   (2) large geographic area and in a long geologic
       time
   (3) small geographic area and in a short geologic
       time
   (4) small geographic area and in a long geologic
       time
Answer:

24.
24 If it takes a P-wave five minutes to travel from
   the epicenter of an earthquake to a seismic
   station, approximately how long will it take an
   S-wave to travel that same distance?
   (1) 15 minutes            (3) 9 minutes
   (2) 12 minutes            (4) 4 minutes
Answer:

25.
25 Earthquake S-waves do not pass through which
   two interior Earth layers?
   (1) rigid mantle and asthenosphere
   (2) asthenosphere and stiffer mantle
   (3) stiffer mantle and outer core
   (4) outer core and inner core
Answer:

26.
26 The cross section below represents the bedrock structure of a section of Earth’s crust. Letters A through H
   represent rock units. Line XY represents a fault. The rock layers have not been overturned.
When did faulting along line XY occur?
(1) after the intrusion of rock unit A               (3) after the formation of rock units E and F
(2) after the deposition of rock units B, C, and D   (4) before the formation of rock units G and H
Answer:

27.
27 The cross section below represents rock units within Earth’s crust.
The age of the granite that makes up the inclusions is most likely
(1) older than the sandstone, but the same age as the granite bedrock
(2) older than the sandstone and the granite bedrock
(3) younger than the sandstone, but the same age as the granite bedrock
(4) younger than the sandstone and the granite bedrock
Answer:

28.
28 A portion of the Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State map below shows the location of
   the Catskill Aqueduct that flows into the Kensico Reservoir, which supplies the residents of New York City
   with drinkable water.
Which sequence shows the order of landscape regions that are crossed as water flows through the Catskill
Aqueduct?
(1) Allegheny Plateau, Hudson-Mohawk Lowlands, Taconic Mountains, Newark Lowlands
(2) Allegheny Plateau, Hudson-Mohawk Lowlands, Hudson Highlands, Manhattan Prong
(3) Atlantic Coastal Plain, Newark Lowlands, Hudson Highlands, Hudson-Mohawk Lowlands
(4) Atlantic Coastal Plain, Manhattan Prong, Hudson Highlands, Allegheny Plateau
Answer:

29.
29 The map below shows the land area in New York State drained by the Oswego River and its tributaries.
The land area drained by the Oswego River and its tributaries is called a
(1) delta                                         (3) water table
(2) watershed                                     (4) floodplain
Answer:

30.
30 The photograph below shows a portion of the
   Genesee River in western New York. Letters A,
   B, C, and D are locations in the river.
At which location would deposition of sediments
most likely be greater than erosion?
(1) A                     (3) C
(2) B                     (4) D
Answer:

31.
31 The rate of soil development in tropical areas is
   usually greater than the rate of soil development
   in arctic areas because tropical areas have
   (1) less chemical weathering and a scarcity of
       living organisms
   (2) less chemical weathering and an abundance
       of living organisms
   (3) more chemical weathering and a scarcity of
       living organisms
   (4) more chemical weathering and an abundance
       of living organisms
Answer:

32.
32 New York State’s Finger Lakes exist today
   because
   (1) U-shaped valleys were dammed by glacial
       sediments
   (2) V-shaped valleys are being eroded by streams
   (3) a drop in sea level occurred, leaving the lakes
   (4) a rise in sea level occurred, flooding the
       region
Answer:

33.
33 Which igneous rock could physically weather to
   beach sand that contains the minerals pyroxene,
   plagioclase feldspar, and olivine?
   (1) dunite                 (3) peridotite
   (2) granite                (4) gabbro
Answer:

34.
34 Which two physical properties of graphite make
   it a good mineral for use in pencils?
   (1) luster and fracture
   (2) cleavage and color
   (3) hardness and streak
   (4) greasy feel and composition
Answer:

35.
35 Which mineral is produced when two atoms of
   iron chemically combine with three atoms of
   oxygen?
   (1) garnet             (3) magnetite
   (2) pyrite             (4) hematite
Answer:


36.
Part B - 1
Answer all questions in this part.
Directions (36 - 50): For each statement or question, choose the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question.
 Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. Record your answers on your separate answer sheet.
   Base your answers to questions 36 through 38 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science.
The map shows the locations of Jamestown, Watertown, and Kingston in New York State.
36 Compared to the time of sunrise in Kingston, the time of sunrise in Jamestown would be approximately
   (1) 1 hour earlier                                 (3) 20 minutes earlier
   (2) 1 hour later                                   (4) 20 minutes later
Answer:

37.
37 An observer in Watertown, New York, would see the star Polaris at an altitude of approximately
   (1) 44°                                         (3) 75°
   (2) 45°                                         (4) 76°
Answer:

38.
38 Earth’s system of longitude is based on which motion?
   (1) Earth’s rotation                               (3) Earth’s revolution around the Sun
   (2) the Sun’s rotation                             (4) the Sun’s revolution around Earth
Answer:

39.
    Base your answers to questions 39 through 41 on the passage and photograph below and on your knowledge
of Earth science. The photograph shows a portion of the Patagonia Marble Caves found in South America.
                                            Patagonia Marble Caves
              The Patagonia Marble Caves of South America are found on the shores of General
          Carrera Lake at a location of 46.5° S 72° W. Most of the water in the lake comes from the
          melting of nearby glaciers. Many small particles carried by the glacier remain suspended
          in the meltwater that fills this lake, causing a distinct blue color. Over the last 6200 years,
          the water of the lake has been weathering and eroding the marble bedrock found along the
          shores and within the lake itself. The marble dissolved faster at the water surface, where
          the moving water is interacting with the marble bedrock, producing countless caves,
          mazes, columns, and tunnels in the marble.
39 The map below shows four locations in South America, labeled A, B, C, and D.
Which lettered point on the map best represents the location of the Patagonia Marble Caves?
(1) A                                             (3) C
(2) B                                             (4) D
Answer:

40.
40 Which two processes formed the marble bedrock shown in the photograph?
   (1) heat and pressure                          (3) melting and solidification
   (2) compaction and cementation                 (4) precipitation and evaporation
Answer:

41.
41 Most marble is composed primarily of
   (1) quartz and/or potassium feldspar   (3) halite and/or olivine
   (2) calcite and/or dolomite            (4) pyroxene and/or plagioclase feldspar
Answer:

42.
    Base your answers to questions 42 through 44 on the photographs below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. One photograph shows a digital device that recorded several weather variables. The second photograph
shows two weather instruments, labeled A and B.
42 The barometric pressure was recorded on the digital device in millibars. What is the equivalent air pressure
   in inches of mercury (Hg)?
   (1) 29.59 in of Hg                                (3) 29.62 in of Hg
   (2) 29.60 in of Hg                                (4) 29.65 in of Hg
Answer:

43.
43 Based on the outside air temperature and relative humidity shown on the digital device, what is the
   approximate dewpoint for the time shown on the device?
   (1) 8°C                                         (3) 18°C
   (2) 12°C                                        (4) 31°C
Answer:

44.
44 Which table correctly identifies weather instruments A and B and the weather variable that each measures?

Answer:

45.
    Base your answers to questions 45 through 47 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. Diagram A represents a Foucault pendulum set up at a particular location on Earth. The line on the
floor marked 0 is the path of the pendulum when it was first set in motion. Diagram B represents the curving of
planetary winds located in two areas of Earth’s surface due to the Coriolis effect.
45 The apparent shift in the direction of swing of a Foucault pendulum and the curving of winds by the Coriolis
   effect are both evidence of Earth’s
   (1) tilt                                             (3) rotation
   (2) shape                                            (4) revolution
Answer:

46.
46 In diagram A, the apparent shift of the path of the pendulum is shown at two-hour intervals for the first eight
   hours of pendulum motion. During the eight hours, the pendulum’s path was displaced 60 degrees from
   where it started. How many degrees did the apparent path of the pendulum change each hour (h)?
   (1) 7.5°/h                                           (3) 60°/h
   (2) 15°/h                                            (4) 120°/h
Answer:

47.
47 In diagram B, what are the names of the planetary wind belts formed by the deflected winds shown in
   the Northern and Southern hemispheres?

Answer:

48.
    Base your answers to questions 48 through 50 on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. The cross section shows the boundary between the Juan de Fuca Plate and the North American Plate.
48 In which diagram do the arrows best represent the relative motion of the upper mantle at this plate boundary?

Answer:

49.
49 Compared to the crust of the North American Plate, the crust of the Juan de Fuca Plate is
   (1) thicker and less dense                      (3) thinner and less dense
   (2) thicker and more dense                      (4) thinner and more dense
Answer:

50.
50 The boundary between the asthenosphere and the stiffer mantle is located below the Earth’s surface at
   a depth of approximately
   (1) 100 km                                   (3) 2500 km
   (2) 700 km                                   (4) 3000 km
Answer:


51.
Part B - 2
Answer all questions in this part. Directions (51 - 65): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. Base your answers to questions 51 through 53 on the passage below, the cross section in your answer booklet, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The passage describes the discovery of ocean floor magnetism. The cross section represents a pattern of normal and reverse polarity of the magnetic field preserved in the igneous bedrock of the oceanic crust west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The magnetic polarity pattern of the bedrock on the east side of the ridge has been left blank. Ocean Floor Magnetism Scientists in the early 1960s were surprised to find there was a pattern in the ocean floor magnetism preserved in the bedrock of the Atlantic Ocean floor. They found that the magnetism in the bedrock was arranged in an orderly pattern parallel to the Mid- Atlantic Ridge. This mountain ridge, often marked by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, runs roughly north-south. Earth is currently in a period of normal polarity. However, the magnetic record preserved in the rocks indicates that Earth’s magnetic poles have reversed positions many times in the past. Since the initial discovery of this ocean floor magnetism, similar magnetic patterns have also been found parallel to the mid-ocean ridges in all of the other oceans. 51 Complete the diagram in your answer booklet by shading in the pattern of normal polarity on the east side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge center. Assume that the rate of plate movement was constant on both sides of the ridge center. Your answer must show the correct width and placement of each normal polarity section. [1]
Answer:

52.
52 Identify the type of tectonic plate boundary at the mid-ocean ridges where these magnetic patterns were
   produced. [1]
Answer:

53.
53 On the set of axes in your answer booklet, draw a line to represent the relationship between the distance
   from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the age of the ocean floor bedrock. [1]

Answer:

54.
    Base your answers to questions 54 through 56 on the photograph below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. The photograph is of a rock sample composed of pebbles that have been cemented together.
54 Identify the name of the sedimentary rock. [1]
Answer:

55.
55 Identify the total possible range of particle diameters, in centimeters, for a particle to be classified as
   a pebble. [1]
Answer:

56.
56 Describe the evidence from the photograph that supports the inference that the particles in this rock were
   most likely transported by running water. [1]
Answer:

57.
    Base your answers to questions 57 through 59 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of
Earth science. The diagrams represent a model of the disintegration of a sample of the radioactive isotope
carbon-14 (14C).
57 Determine the number of carbon-14 atoms that would most likely remain at the end of the second
   half-life. [1]
Answer:

58.
58 Identify the stable disintegration product that is produced when carbon-14 decays. [1]
Answer:

59.
59 Identify the radioactive isotope that has a half-life that is approximately the same as the estimated age of
   Earth, by using the Radioactive Decay Data table in the Earth Science Reference Tables. [1]
Answer:

60.
    Base your answers to questions 60 through 62 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. The diagrams represent drill core samples from two different locations (I and II). A drill core is
a cylinder of rock material removed from the bedrock. Letters A through J represent different rock layers. Some
layers contain index fossils. The rock layers shown have not been overturned.
60 Identify the geologic period when rock layer A was deposited. [1]
Answer:

61.
61 List the relative ages of rock layers D, E, F, and G by listing the letters from oldest to youngest. [1]

Answer:

62.
62 Identify two processes that formed the unconformities in these drill cores. [1]
Answer:

63.
   Base your answers to questions 63 through 65 on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science.
The graph shows the discharge of the Delaware River at Barryville, New York, for a one-week period during
March 2004.
63 Identify the date shown on the graph when the river was most likely carrying the greatest amount of
   sediment. [1]
Answer:

64.
64 State one possible cause for the increase in stream discharge on March 15. [1]
Answer:

65.
65 The Delaware River flows out of the Catskills and into the Atlantic Ocean. Identify the general compass
   direction toward which the Delaware River flows along the Pennsylvania - New York State border. [1]
Answer:


66.
Part C
Answer all questions in this part.
Directions (66 - 85): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. Base your answers to questions 66 through 68 on the topographic map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows an eroded drumlin at Chimney Bluffs State Park along the shoreline of Lake Ontario east of Rochester, New York. Lines AB and CD are reference lines. Elevations are shown in feet.
66 Calculate the gradient along the line between points A and B in feet per mile. [1]
Answer:

67.
67 On the grid in your answer booklet, construct a topographic profile along line CD by plotting the elevation
   of each contour line that crosses line CD. The elevations for points C and D have been plotted on the grid.
   Connect all nine plots with a line from point C to point D to complete the profile. [1]

Answer:

68.
68 Describe one piece of evidence represented by the contour lines on the map that indicates the north side of
   Chimney Bluffs is steep. [1]
Answer:

69.
    Base your answers to questions 69 through 71 on the weather map below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. The map shows the center of a low-pressure system (L). The location for Albany, New York, is shown.
69 The station model below represents the weather conditions for Albany, New York.
Complete the table in your answer booklet by indicating the weather conditions represented on the station
model for Albany, New York. [1]

Answer:

70.
70 Write the standard two-letter air-mass symbol to identify the air mass that normally forms over the Gulf of
   Mexico. [1]
Answer:

71.
71 Identify one process that causes clouds to form in the moist air rising along the frontal boundaries of
   the low-pressure system. [1]
Answer:

72.
   Base your answers to questions 72 through 74 on the passage and data table below and on your knowledge of
Earth science. The data table shows the monthly average high air temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit (°F), and
monthly average snowfall, in inches (in), at the summit (top) of Mount Washington in New Hampshire.
                                              Mount Washington
                Mount Washington, located in the state of New Hampshire, is one of the highest
           mountains east of the Mississippi River. This mountain, as well as many mountains across
           upstate New York and the northeast, has deep-cut glacial valleys formed by continental
           glaciers approximately 1.7 to 1.8 million years ago. Hurricane-force wind gusts are observed
           at the summit of Mount Washington on the average of 110 days per year, including a record
           wind speed of 231 miles per hour. It also receives very high levels of snow, averaging 282
           inches (23.5 feet) of snow per year.
72 On the grid in your answer booklet, construct a line graph by plotting the average high air temperatures for
   each month listed in the data table. Connect all twelve plots with a line. [1]

Answer:

73.
73 Identify the climate factor that best explains why Mount Washington has relatively low air temperatures
   throughout the year. [1]
Answer:

74.
74 State the name of the geologic epoch when continental glaciers last carved the valleys around Mount
   Washington and across upstate New York. [1]
Answer:

75.
   Base your answers to questions 75 through 78 on the table below and on your knowledge of Earth science.
The table shows the velocities, in kilometers per second (km/s), for several galaxies, represented by letters A,
B, C, D, and E, that are moving away from Earth. The vast majority of stars and galaxies in the universe are
moving away from our solar system. Scientific evidence indicates that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is
moving away.
75 List the galaxies in order from closest to Earth to farthest from Earth. [1]

Answer:

76.
76 Identify the name of the theory for the formation of the universe that scientists developed after observing
   that most galaxies are moving away from each other. [1]
Answer:

77.
77 Identify the evidence scientists use to determine that a galaxy is moving away from Earth. [1]
Answer:

78.
78 A star in one of these galaxies has a surface temperature of 8000 K and a luminosity of 10. Identify the stage
   and color of this star. [1]
Answer:

79.
     Base your answers to questions 79 through 81 on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science.
The graph shows the altitude of the Sun for a 24-hour period on a certain day of the year at four different
latitudes.
79 Identify the date represented by the data shown on the graph. [1]
Answer:

80.
80 Identify the latitude that has the greatest intensity of insolation at approximately noon on this date, and
   describe the evidence shown on the graph to support your answer. [1]
Answer:

81.
81 Identify the compass direction toward which an observer’s shadow would extend if the observer is located
   exactly at 90° N at noon on this date. [1]
Answer:

82.
    Base your answers to questions 82 through 85 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science.
The diagram represents Earth in its orbit around the Sun and the Moon (M) in different positions in its orbit
around Earth. Letters A through D represent four positions of Earth in its orbit. Earth is closest to the Sun near
position D and farthest from the Sun near position B.
82 The photograph below shows the surface of the Moon as seen from Earth during the full moon phase.
Identify the lettered position of Earth and the Moon when this full moon phase can be observed, and state
the name of the eclipse that could occur at this position. [1]
Answer:

83.
83 Identify the Northern Hemisphere season that is beginning at position A. [1]
Answer:

84.
84 Explain why the gravitational attraction between the Sun and Earth increases as Earth moves from
   position C to position D. [1]
Answer:

85.
85 Describe one piece of evidence shown by the diagram that indicates this is a heliocentric model. [1]
Answer:

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