1. modernization   State council of ancient Rome with nobles meeting to make laws; modern legislature   defensive work to protect against enemy   adoption of modern means for producing quality goods and services   civil community with its own government and laws   Hint Half-n-half Clue   2. literacy   ability to read and write   belief that material prosperity is the requirement for a good life   State where people are supreme; system of government where citizens elect leaders exercising right to vote   descendant of French or Spanish settlers in America   Half-n-half Clue   3. kremlin   adoption of modern means for producing quality goods and services   Russian government; citadel in Russian town especially that in Moscow   craftsman or manually skilled worker   collective farm in Israel   Half-n-half Clue   4. Pharaoh   collective ownership of land and means of production / distribution   belief in one God   Mohammedian era dating from A.D. 622; Mohammed's journey from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622   Egyptian king   Half-n-half Clue   5. fortification   defensive work to protect against enemy   code of conduct for samurai in Japan emphasizing obedience to one's master   adoption of western ideas and lifestyles by other countries   belief in one God   Half-n-half Clue   6. corporation   absolute ruler or person with supreme authority   emperor or king of Russian Empire   State where people are supreme; system of government where citizens elect leaders exercising right to vote   body of persons or business owned by body of investors   Half-n-half Clue   7. guild   association with common interest, e.g., of merchants or artisans   State council of ancient Rome with nobles meeting to make laws; modern legislature   dead body of Egyptian Pharaoh that has been embalmed for preservation   belief that material prosperity is the requirement for a good life   Half-n-half Clue