Base your answer to question 69 - 72 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
            Environmentalists and public health experts are warning the public about some
        chemicals that they come in contact with daily, such as PBDEs and phthalates. PBDEs are
        used to make children’s clothing flame retardant and phthalates are used to manufacture
        many plastic bottles, toys, and cosmetics. Both of these chemicals accumulate in the body
        and endanger health.
            In one family tested, the young children had PBDE levels seven times that of their
        parents. These levels were two to three times the levels that caused thyroid problems in
        animals. Animal studies have shown that phthalates cause reproductive defects. Even at low
        levels, phthalates may contribute to infertility and impaired testes in males. Both chemicals
        can cause nervous system damage.
            Biomonitoring is a technology used to test for levels of industrial chemicals found in the
        body. The technology is less than ten years old, but results from animal studies led some
        countries to ban PBDEs in 2004.
            Presently, the United States EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) does not require
        chemical manufacturers to conduct human toxicity studies prior to approval for use. If
        concerns regarding risk or exposure arise during the approval process, the EPA can ask for
        additional testing. Additional testing occurs for approximately 10 percent of the new
        chemicals submitted each year. The EPA has also set up voluntary testing programs with
        major chemical manufacturers to rate some of the 3,000 most widely used chemicals.
69 - 72 The use of industrial chemicals, such as PBDEs and phthalates, provides both advantages and
      disadvantages. Discuss the disadvantages of using these chemicals. In your answer, be sure to:
      • state one specific reason why public health officials are concerned about the use of these chemicals [1]

Note: The student’s response to the bulleted items in question 69 - 72 need not appear in the following
      order.
69 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating one specific reason why public health officials are concerned about the
       use of these chemicals. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
             -  These chemicals have been found to cause health problems in animals and in humans.
             -  PBDEs have been found to cause thyroid problems and nervous system damage in animals.
             -  Phthalates may contribute to infertility.

• identify the technique used to determine exposure levels to these chemicals in humans [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

70 [1] Allow 1 credit for identifying the technique used to determine exposure levels to these chemicals
       in humans as biomonitoring.

• state one possible reason why young children might have higher levels of exposure to these
  chemicals than do adults [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

71 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating one possible reason why young children might have higher levels of
       exposure to these chemicals than do adults. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
             -  Young children have more contact with the products that contain these chemicals.
             -  Young children play with more toys/use baby bottles.
             -  Children wear flame-retardant clothing.

• state one possible reason why chemical manufacturers might participate in the voluntary testing
  programs set up by the EPA [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

72 [1] Allow 1 credit for stating one possible reason why chemical manufacturers might participate in the
       voluntary testing programs set up by the EPA. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
             -  They may participate to prevent being sued in the future.
             -  They may participate because it improves their public image.
             -  They may participate to make sure their product is safe.

Part D
Answer all questions in this part.   [13]

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    Directions (73 - 85): For those questions that are multiple choice, record on your separate answer sheet the
number of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. For all other questions in this
part, follow the directions given and record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet.

73 The materials represented in the diagram below were used in a laboratory activity.

These materials were used to carry out the technique known as
(1) DNA staining                                        (3) paper chromatography
(2) genetic engineering                                 (4) glucose testing

Answer: Answer: 3

74 A coverslip should be slowly lowered from a 45° angle onto a slide in order to
   (1) prevent the slide from being scratched
   (2) stop the loss of water from under the coverslip
   (3) ensure that the specimen being viewed will stay alive
   (4) reduce the formation of air bubbles

Answer: Answer: 4

75 A substance is most likely to diffuse into a cell when
   (1) it is a large organic food molecule such as protein or starch
   (2) it is enclosed in an organelle such as a vacuole
   (3) the concentration of the substance is greater outside the cell than inside
   (4) the pH of the substance is greater than the pH of the cell

Answer: Answer: 3

    Base your answers to questions 76 and 77 on the information and data table below and on your knowledge
of biology.
             Five students design an experiment to answer the question: “How is heart rate affected
         by running?” Two chairs were set up at different ends of a large room. The pulse rate of
         each student was taken at rest just before running. Each of the five students ran between
         the chairs a different number of times. Their pulse rates were taken after running and the
         results are shown in the table below.

76 If a control group is not included in an experiment, it would be difficult to
   (1) formulate a hypothesis for the experiment              (3) record data in a data table
   (2) make observations about the experimental group         (4) draw a valid conclusion

Answer: Answer: 4

77 Explain how the change in heart rate helps to maintain homeostasis during exercise. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

77 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
             -  The heart rate increases, which transports more oxygen from the lungs to the muscle cells.
             -  The heart beats faster and transports carbon dioxide to the lungs faster for elimination.
             -  Increased heart rate removes wastes from cells more rapidly.

  Base your answers to questions 78 through 80 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
            The sequences below represent the same portions of a DNA molecule from the same
        gene used by a student to study the relationship between two plant species. A biological
        catalyst that recognizes the CCGG site is used to cut the DNA molecules into pieces. The
        catalyst cuts the DNA between the C and G of the site.
78 Draw lines in the sequences below for species 1 and species 2 to show where the catalyst would cut the
   DNA. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

78 [1] Allow 1 credit.
        Example of a 1-credit response:

79 Complete the data table below to show the results of the action of the catalyst. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

79 [1] Allow 1 credit.
        Example of a 1-credit response:

Note: Allow credit for an answer consistent with the student’s response to question 78.

80 Are the two species of plants closely related? Support your answer. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

80 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
             -  No, the biological catalyst made two cuts in species 1 DNA and only one cut in species 2
              DNA.
             -  No, the catalyst cut the DNA of species 1 into three pieces and cut the DNA of species 2
              into only two.
             -  No, 15 out of 24 bases are different.
             -  No, the base sequences are very different.
        Note: Allow credit for an answer consistent with the student’s response to question 79.

Base your answer to question 81 on the information and diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology.
          The drawings below were made during a laboratory exercise in which a microscope was
      used to view slides of preserved protozoa. The microscope had a 10× eyepiece and two
      different objectives.

81 Which statement about the size of the organisms is correct?
   (1) Organism A is larger than organism B.
   (2) Organism B is larger than organism A.
   (3) Organisms A and B are both the same size.
   (4) The relative size of the organisms cannot be determined from the information given.

Answer: Answer: 1

82 A student performed a gel electrophoresis experiment. The results are represented in the diagram below.

Compared to the fragments at the top of the gel, the fragments at the lower end are
(1) larger, and move slower                               (3) smaller, and move faster
(2) larger, and move faster                               (4) smaller, and move slower

Answer: Answer: 3

Base your answers to questions 83 through 85 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.

83 On an island populated by both warbler finches and small tree finches, there is a significant decrease in the
   amount of animal food. Which finch population would decrease more? Support your answer. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

83 [1] Allow 1 credit for warbler finch and supporting the answer. Acceptable responses include, but are
       not limited to:
             -  Small tree finches may eat some plant food, while warbler finches eat only animal food.
             -  Warbler finches eat only animal food, while small tree finches may eat some plant food.

84 Identify one species of finch that would most likely survive a sudden change in climate that destroyed seeds
   with small, thin coverings, leaving only seeds with large, thick coverings. Support your answer. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

84 [1] Allow 1 credit for identifying one species of finch that would most likely survive a sudden change
       in climate that destroyed seeds with small, thin coverings, leaving only seeds with large, thick
       coverings, and supporting the answer. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
             -  large ground finch or medium ground finch or small ground finch or sharp-billed ground
              finch because it has a large crushing beak and eats mainly plant food
             -  large/small tree finch or woodpecker finch or warbler finch because they don’t eat much
              plant food
             -  The warbler finch eats only animal food, so it would not be affected.

85 An island has populations of both the cactus finch and sharp-billed ground finch. Explain how these
   finches can live on the same island even though these finches have similar beaks and both eat plants. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

85 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
             -  different niches
             -  eat at different times
             -  live in different areas
             -  amount of food was sufficient to support both
             -  may eat different plants/different parts of plant

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