| HISTORICAL WORD | MEANING |
| antiquity | old times especially before the Middle Ages |
| apprentice | person who learns a skill from an expert |
| artifact | object made by human beings |
| barbarian | person who is uncultured or uncivilized |
| chivalry | medieval knightly system showing courtesy and bravery |
| conqueror | person especially king who takes possession of territory by force |
| consul | official chosen by vote to govern Rome; State agent in foreign country |
| crusade | medieval military expedition to recover Palestine; campaign against recognized evil |
| descendant | person born in the same family with common ancestor |
| edict | order or official statement issued by authority |
| entrepreneur | person who takes financial risks hoping for large profits and control of commercial enterprise |
| exile | long absence from one's country as punishment |
| gipsy, gypsy | member of a wandering race especially Asian |
| hermit | person who has withdrawn from society and is living alone |
| humanism | literary culture and intellectual movement during the Renaissance with devotion to human interests |
| inhabitant | person who dwells in a place |
| knight | person raised to honorable military rank |
| mandate | order to act from the League of Nations |
| Middle Ages | period about A.D. 1000 - 1400; period of history in Europe after fall of the Roman Empire |
| missionary | person who preaches a religion or goes on religious missions |
| mystic | person who believes in spiritual power or hidden meaning |
| nationalism | patriotic feelings for one's country |
| navigator | person who directs the course of a ship or voyage often using charts |
| Nazi | member of German National Socialist party |
| pacificist | person opposed to force, war and serving in the military |
| Pan-Africanism | movement for political union of all Africans |
| partisan | person committed to a party, side or cause |
| patrician | person of noble birth especially wealthy landowner in ancient Rome |
| patriot | lover of one's country |
| philosopher | person in the pursuit of wisdom and knowledge |
| plebeian | person of low birth especially common person in ancient Rome |
| pogrom | organized massacre especially of Jewish community in Russia |
| portrait | painting, photograph or drawing of a person, especially face portrait |
| preacher | person who delivers sermons and talks in public about a religion or belief |
| proletariat | lowest working classes or common people |
| propaganda | means of spreading a doctrine or idea |
| pyramid | monumental stone tomb with sloping sides meeting at apex in which Egyptian Pharaoh's body is placed after death |
| reign | period of rule |
| savior | person who saves from ruin; redeemer; deliverer |
| siege | operations by army to gain possession of fortified place |
| stigmata | marks corresponding to Christ's wounds made by nails |
| usury | lending of money at exorbitant or illegal rates of interest especially in the Middle Ages |
| vassal | person who holds land of a superior lord by feudal tenure |
